“by”是英语中常见的介词，用法多样。以下是常见用法总结：
| 用法 | 例子 | 含义 |
| 表示方式 | He wrote the letter by hand. | 用手写 |
| 表示时间 | The work was finished by 5 p.m. | 在下午5点前 |
| 表示原因 | She was fired by mistake. | 因错误而被解雇 |
| 表示位置 | The book is by the window. | 在窗边 |
| 表示被动语态 | The cake was made by my mother. | 被我的妈妈制作 |
使用“by”时需注意语境和搭配。正确理解其含义有助于提高英语表达准确性。
